# Post acquisition learning Villinger 1996 Used [[Single loop and double loop learning -Argyris and Schon]] as a basis. Organisational learning- understanding and ability to apply that understanding 1. Higher - learned how to learn, strategic learning 2. Middle - double-loop, systemic, organisational learning 3. Lower- routine, single loop, technical learning. ## 3. Lower The first, technical level refers to learning as the acquisition of new, specific techniques. As possible examples the authors quote specific techniques for quality measurement, specific scientific or engineering techniques, or with respect to managerial knowledge specific techniques for the construction of samples for market research. ## 2. Middle The second, systemic level relates to learning with regard to new systems and procedures. The focus is on an integrative type of learning, emphasizing coordination, relationships and links. Examples suggested by the authors are: production technologies representing integrated systems of techniques and procedures, production control and budgeting systems, systems defining responsibilities and reporting relationships, and other managerial systems such as the operation of a marketing function. ## 1. Higher The third, strategic level involves changes in the mind-sets of senior managers, especially their criteria of business success and their mental maps of factors which are significant for achieving that success’ (pp. 11-12). The authors of the paper by the Centre for International Management refer to the relevance of ’vision’ in this context.